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Some of the yet unidentified molecules may interfere with host cell signaling pathways and thereby modulate host cell behavior [38].
These data clearly show that F. tularensis modulate host cell cytosolic factors to enable bacterial proliferation within the cytosol.
In addition, several viruses infectious to humans, including the coronaviruses, are known to modulate host cell apoptotic responses [20], [21].
During the complex evolution of intracellular pathogenic bacteria with their host, mechanisms have been selected that allow bacteria to modulate host cell functions to their advantage.
The rhoptries also inject a series of proteins into the cytosol of the host that modulate host cell functions, ensuring an optimal infection [12].
T. cruzi is known to express and/or secrete effector molecules that control cell entry and intracellular targeting or modulate host cell functions required for survival, multiplication, and dissemination within the host [19] [22].
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In addition to these alterations in host cell signaling and cell cycle control, Toxoplasma specifically modulates host cell gene expression.
Previous studies have shown that EHEC O157∶H7 modulates host cell signal transduction cascades, independent of toxins and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton.
In this study, we investigated how meningococcal infection differentially modulates host cell motility and EGFR signalling pathways through two independently regulated variants of T4P components.
Two effectors, LegK1 and LnaB are able to activate NF-κB when ectopically expressed in mammalian cells, but whether such activation plays any role in modulating host cell death is unknown [34], [35].
PMT is a cytotoxin that stimulates mitogenesis and cytoskeletal reorganization [ 49, 50], and modulates host cell cycle progression [ 51].
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