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They modulate gene function through their binding to complementary regions within the 3'-UTRs of target mRNAs, leading to mRNA degradation or repression of translation.
We also mapped regions that probably modulate gene function.
Additionally, genetic variations of AKTs, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have also been well recognized to modulate gene function.
Triplex formation is a powerful mechanism by which to modulate gene function, and, when formed in the promoter region, triplexes can knock-out or knock-down a gene.
These genes (listed in Table 2) seem particularly likely to utilize AS as a mechanism to modulate gene function; however, it is important to note that in many cases (11/23), the affected regions occur in the 3-prime or 5-prime UTRs.
Although splicing patterns may indeed vary, the degree to which this variation is expressed may differ widely between genes, depending on the extent to which individual genes employ AS to modulate gene function in response to stresses in the environment or developmental cues.
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The results of this study highlight a number of new avenues to explore how AS is employed as a mechanism to modulate gene functions in wood-forming tissues.
Experiments in mice have reversed or reduced some symptoms related to autism by replacing or modulating gene function, suggesting the possibility of targeting therapies to specific rare mutations known to cause autism.
However, for the vast majority of genes that produce alternatively spliced transcripts, the role that AS plays in modulating gene function is poorly understood.
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications regulate gene expression levels and provide an alternative mechanism for modulating gene function and genetic changes.
Recent evidence supports that TRs in introns, UTRs, and CDS regions can play a significant role in regulating gene expression and modulating gene function [ 32, 35, 36].
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