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Indeed, the interaction of cancer cells with the stroma might modulate estrogen sensitivity and lead to different mechanisms of resistance [ 2].
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Smith et al. have demonstrated that DIM, along with a phytoestrogen, Genistein can modulate estrogen metabolism towards 2-hydroxylation in estrogen sensitive prostate cancer cells [20].
Developmental PCB exposure is reported to modulate systemic estrogen levels (Meerts et al. 2004), increase estrogen sensitivity (Ceccatelli et al. 2006), and compete for binding to the estrogen receptor (DeCastro et al. 2006), yet we observed no A1254-related effects on plasma levels of estradiol or testosterone and only minor effects on estrogen- and androgen-dependent developmental end points.
This gives numerous combinations by which SERMS can modulate estrogen receptors in a tissue-specific manner.
The remaining candidate drugs associated with RA and ESR1 directly modulate estrogen signaling.
In addition, we explored the effects of perinatal BPA exposure on subsequent estrogen sensitivity at puberty.
In addition, human NME2 may associate with estrogen receptor-β and is able to modulate estrogen-induced gene transcription [ 48].
The protein physically interacts with estrogen receptor α and functionally modulates estrogen signaling.
The gut microbiome modulates estrogen metabolism and contributes to the proportion of re-circulated and excreted estrogen and estrogen metabolites [ 22].
We have shown that LM modulates estrogen action in ER+ breast cancer cells in vitro [ 22].
Conversely, in the study of atherosclerosis it was noted that phosphorylated HSP27 preferentially interacts with estrogen receptor β (ERβ), serving as a repressor and modulating estrogen signaling [ 20].
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