These results strongly suggest that magnolin may modulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
This, together with the interconnection between several core EMT-TFs 75– 78, provides robustness to the system as well as the potential to modulate epithelial plasticity in response to different environmental cues.
Although high-risk HPV drives the transformation and malignancy process of nearly all cervical cancers, HPV infection is now known to modulate epithelial transformation in breast, lung, penile, anal, and also oral tissues [ 10- 20].
Another question was whether TLR signals modulate epithelial homeostasis directly or due to the effect of secondary mediators released from ECs stimulated via TLRs.
FOXA1 may modulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via its transcriptional regulatory network.
It is still necessary to elucidate how VFL could modulate epithelial cell differentiation and cell death; however, it appears to be an important therapeutic strategy for transitional cell carcinomas by its influence on these processes.
For example, a human gut-on-a-chip device [66, 68, 78] employing intestinal villi colonized by gut microbiome demonstrates complex host-microbiome interactions that can modulate epithelial differentiation and immune modulation (e.g. balance of helper vs. regulatory T lymphocytes) (Fig. 4a) [78].
TGF-beta could modulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT-) associated gene expression, leading to reduction of E-cadherin and increased expression of Snail and Matrix Metal Proteinase-2 (MMP-2) [ 46].
In contrast to the very extensive studies conducted to unravel the molecular mechanisms and the regulatory pathways that modulate epithelial mesenchymal transition [ 27- 31], the mechanisms involved in the EndoMT process have not been explored in detail.
Commensal bacterial components can initiate MyD88 signaling in epithelial cells as well as immune cells in the intestine, both of which can modulate epithelial cell proliferation and survival.
