Evidences suggest that Wnt signaling pathway modulates differentiation, proliferation and mineralization in bone formation as a downstream of BMP.
In embryonic development, hypoxia gradients serve as essential signals that trigger a Hif dependent shift between different developmental stages, thereby modulating differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and vascularization.
Beyond their nutritional impact, SCFA, especially butyrate, have a multitude of cellular regulatory effects that modulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility.
The paracrine roles of stem cells have been shown in that stem cell-derived soluble factors can modulate apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and inflammation in damaged tissue.
These regulatory molecules include the hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), soluble proteins that recognize specific receptors on the surface of sub-populations of hematopoietic cells, thereby initiating signal transduction pathways that modulate the differentiation, proliferation, and/or survival of target cells [ 2].
The ability of ATRA to modulate differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation of tumor cells through inhibition of telomerase has been suggested to explain its efficacy against tumors [ 9, 10].
Treatment with FA only corrected for a small part the number of EPC in patients with DM1 which might be through the observed effect on ID1, modulating differentiation and proliferation, or apoptosis[ 60].
Jund expression and JunD protein-protein interactions modulate tumor angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
Butanoate plays an important role in animal health by regulating the host physiology and as a signal molecule modulating cell properties like differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis [ 61].
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that modulate fundamental cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, death, metabolism, and pathophysiology of many diseases by inhibiting target gene expression via inhibition of protein translation or by inducing mRNA degradation.
