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While some PTMs directly modulate chromatin architecture via charge effects, others rely on the action of reader or effector proteins that can recognize and bind the modification to fulfill distinct cellular outcomes.
Histone chaperones modulate chromatin architecture and hence play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Pioneer transcription factors (for example, CTCF, GATA) and HMG proteins (for example, HMGA, HMGB) modulate chromatin architecture and are more abundant in cell nuclei compared with "gene-specific" transcription factors [ 21, 23- 25].
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The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes, which include Cohesin and Condensin, have long been known to play roles in modulating chromatin architecture during cell division; however, they are now known to have additional roles during interphase biology.
Additionally, Abd-B interacts with numerous chromatin regulators and may be involved in modulating chromatin architecture (reviewed by Bantignies and Cavalli 2011).
Although it is apparent that MeCP2 binds to the promoters of a number of genes such as BDNF and JUNB, it is also postulated that MeCP2 may also act in a more global fashion by modulating chromatin architecture.
We conclude that NIPBL has a function in modulating chromatin architecture, particularly for gene-rich areas of the chromosome, that is not dependent on SMC3/cohesin or CTCF, raising the possibility that the aetiology of disorders associated with the mutation of core cohesin components is distinct from that associated with the disruption of NIPBL itself in classical CdLS.
The methylation status of lysine residues in histones determines the transcription of surrounding genes by modulating the chromatin architecture.
Current studies involving the understanding of small RNA molecules such as noncoding RNA and microRNA in modulating the chromatin architecture are explained in depth here, along with effects of some novel compounds from recent preclinical and clinical evidence.
H1 belongs to a class of chromatin architectural proteins (CAPs) that are responsible for maintaining, modulating and stabilizing chromatin architecture.
They have no intrinsic transcriptional activity but can modulate transcription by altering chromatin architecture (Reeves and Nissen, 1990; Thanos and Maniatis, 1992; Thanos et al, 1993).
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