These results collectively suggest that interactions between osteoblasts and chondrocytes modulate cell phenotypes, and the importance of these interactions on osteochondral interface regeneration will be explored in future studies.
Molecular marker studies showed a statistical increase in DNA mass and calponin expression after 3 and 7 days of CMS when compared to static samples, indicating that the translation of mechanical loading from the novel polyurethane elastomeric scaffold onto VSMCs will be important to consider with regard to modulating cell phenotype.
In breast CSCs, TGF-β signaling appears to modulate stem cell phenotype and maintain pluripotency [ 31, 38, 44, 45].
In vitro studies showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D could prevent differentiation of dendritic cells and modulates T cell phenotype and function [19].
This hypothesis needs to be verified by further studies in vitro addressed to show the expression of ET-1 receptors by T cells and the role of ET-1 in modulating T cell phenotype.
Glutamate is relevant to RA in two ways: inflammation of the joint is accompanied by elevated levels of glutamate within the synovial fluid (Flood et al. 2004), and glutamate modulates bone cell phenotype (Chenu 2002).
At later stages, during cancer growth and progression, additional epigenetic changes triggered by interaction with the microenvironment modulate cancer cell phenotypes and properties, and shape tumor architecture.
Moreover, we showed that L. donovani exosomes can modulate mononuclear cell phenotypes in vitro, rendering them anti-inflammatory by specifically inhibiting cytokine production.
It is also likely that the parasite can actively modulate host cell phenotypes to its long-term benefit, for example, via multiple enzymatic antioxidant strategies (Piacenza et al., 2009) or inhibition of antigen presentation (La Flamme et al., 1997).
We have recently used this approach to identify candidate agents that can modulate the invasive cell phenotype in hepatocellular cancers [20].
