TMS is a safe and non-invasive neurophysiological investigation technique used to evaluate the cortico-spinal tract, cortical motor areas [ 20], map motor and cognitive functions, study neural networks, and modulate brain function with a potential therapeutic aim [ 21- 23].
Since its introduction in 1985 by Barker and colleagues [2], TMS has been used to probe motor cortex excitability [3] [6], map motor and cognitive functions [7], [8], study anatomical and functional connectivity [8], [9], and modulate brain function with therapeutic aims [6], [10], [11].
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a novel intervention that can modulate brain excitability in health and disease; however, little is known about its effects on bilaterally innervated systems such as pharyngeal motor cortex.
This hints at another way in which changes in myelin distribution could modulate brain activity.
BCIs allow to intentionally modulate brain activity, to train specific brain functions, and to control prosthetic devices, and thus, this technology can also improve the outcome of rehabilitation programs in persons who have suffered from a central nervous system injury (ie, stroke leading to motor or cognitive impairment).
In theory, synapse engineering could modulate brain function more precisely.
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have been shown to effectively modulate brain function, accelerate learning, and improve recovery.
Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain and modulate brain excitability.
Instead, it modulates brain activity through a different set of receptors.
Research with human participants, particularly in experiments that involve modulating brain function, is never taken lightly in the United Kingdom.
