Recent study had shown that leptin may directly modulate autonomic function in obese mouse [ 12].
A recent basic study found that leptin can directly modulate autonomic function through the dorsomedial hypothalamus in relation to obesity.
The aim of this study is to determine if vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising approach to modulate autonomic function and slow cardiac remodelling and the progression of heart failure.
Following stressor exposure, spinally projecting parvocellular neurones (located in dorsal and ventromedial regions) of the PVN rapidly modulate autonomic function, whilst neuroendocrine parvocellular neurones (located in dorsomedial regions), project to the median eminence and initiate activation of the HPA axis through the release of CRF (Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009).
Several functional imaging studies in humans (Shoemaker et al., 2012, 2015), and stimulation studies in animals (Terreberry and Neafsey, 1987) have identified the hippocampus as an essential component of limbic circuitry modulating autonomic function, with substantial influences on blood pressure regulation (Harper et al., 2000).
The system also modulates nociception, neuroendocrine physiology and autonomic functions (Feng et al. 2012).
SMR appears to have a wide range of effects, most typically increasing flexibility acutely [4 6] and chronically [7, 8] with respect to changes in joint range of motion (ROM), although it has also been utilized to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [2, 6, 9], affect arterial and vascular endothelial function [3], and modulate autonomic nervous system activity [10].
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a role in modulating neuroendocrine and autonomic function.
They play a major role in the control of nociceptive pathways, but they also modulate neuroendocrine physiology, mood, stress, appetite, immune responses, and autonomic functions, including respiration and thermoregulation.
