Together, the available data points to the need for development of dual therapeutic strategies that modulate microglia activation to change not only the way microglia interact with the peripheral immune system, but also to modulate the manner in which microglia respond to encounters with α-syn.
Treg modulate immune activation to prevent pathological self-reactivity [ 28, 36].
With regard to emotion regulation, the OFC is assumed to act as a central hub to integrate and modulate neural activation to monitor and control emotional responses (Rule et al. 2002).
TRPCs may therefore be attractive drug targets to tackle physiopathological states; therapeutic approaches to modulate activation of specific TRPCs are likely to have an important impact in reducing tissue damage in a number of diseases resulting from oxidant stress including ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, edema, bleeding disorders, and diabetes [ 92, 99].
Likewise, phonologically related pairs were expected to modulate activation in areas that are sensitive to phonological and articulatory demands.
Specifically, semantically related pairs were expected to modulate activation in areas that are sensitive to meaningful associations.
Other areas of research include modulating complement activation to prevent the influx of inflammatory cells into the synovium and inhibiting chemokines [ 78] to prevent the degradation of cartilage and bone [ 66].
Attention is known to modulate activation levels, even at the level of primary auditory cortex (Palmer et al. 2007; Poghosyan and Ioannides 2008).
Once activated, the T cell upregulates expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory receptor that has a higher affinity for CD80 and CD86, in order to modulate activation.
More recently, this route has been proposed to modulate activation and influence the development of the social brain network [i.e., fusiform gyrus, prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal sulcus regions (6)] specialized in adults for the processing of social stimuli.
