By extension, the association of Clp protease domains with AAA+ mediated assemblies of protein complexes would allow them to modulate a host of cellular and physiological processes where AAA+ modules are required and would facilitate the availability of diverse substrates for degradation by Clp protease domain.
Furthermore, since the primary functions of WAT are to store energy and act as an endocrine organ, stress-induced IL-1β signaling likely affects the metabolic and/or endocrine functions of WAT; however, because WAT also contains immune cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, preadipocytes and fibroblasts, IL-1β may also modulate a host of other functions.
Some previous pre-clinical and clinical studies showed that both conventional Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and those selective inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are able to modulate a host's immune-inflammatory reaction [ 10- 15].
DNA unzipping, the separation of its double helix into single strands, is crucial in modulating a host of genetic processes.
Upon exposure to exogenous alkylation damage, yeast respond by modulating a host of biological processes that includes, as expected, DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint pathways, but also includes the following: (i) activation of protein degradation machinery, (ii) increased lipid metabolism, (iii) increased RNA processing and (iv) decreased protein synthesis (ribosomal biosynthesis) [1], [2].
In each case above, the function of the protein is to modulate a critical host defence molecule.
Our results suggest, however, a possible therapeutic approach in which A. fumigatus infection is treated by a combination of antifungals and MAPK inhibitors which can modulate an excessive host inflammatory response [37], [53].
Rho GTPases modulate a variety of host cell processes in a GTP-dependent manner by activating a plethora of downstream effectors at specific host cell compartments (Stebbins and Galan, 2001).
Additionally, it is capable of exchanging information with cells and thereby modulates a whole host of processes including development, cell migration, attachment, differentiation, and repair.
Sublethal concentrations of PFT modulate a variety of other host cell signaling pathways.
Among the four proteins originating from the HBV genome, such as the polymerase, surface, core, and HBx proteins, hepatitis B virus X, a small 154-amino acid protein, is a multifunctional regulator which modulates a variety of host processes via interaction with virus and host factors [3], [4].
