Exploiting the potentiality of bioreactors, the biomedical industry invested in developing reliable and automated devices for 2D or 3D cell culture, having specific features such as modularity, scalability, and process traceability, to make bioreactors essential tools for the development of safe and reproducible biological constructs and for the study of new therapeutic drugs.
The process complexity is mainly caused by an extensive process modularity and by the interdependencies of heterogeneous distributed processes which in turn are due to the interrelation of multidisciplinary domains.
This study investigates the role of supply chain integration in mediating the effects of product and process modularity strategies on service performance.
However, complexity of distributed architectures and DFT standardisation requires introducing modularity and reusability in the modelling process.
The architecture is based on the object-oriented programming paradigm, which supports the use of modularity and hierarchy in the software development process.
Criteria of the replicator were discussed and the nature of its functions (genotype, phenotype), attributes (modularity, variability, heritability, exactness) and processes (multiplication, copying, heredity, and selection) were exactly defined.
In other words, the pathogenic genes are more possibly involved in same pathways in which genes work together, and the pathogenesis is possibly regulated by these pathways without affecting the normal processes considering the modularity and robustness of the biological system.
The closeness between the brown and light blue curves proves that we do not need to know the whole AS in order to identify it as a community at a certain step of the modularity optimization process: 15% of the nodes is enough in order to get as good a result as if we knew all the AS nodes.
Hagedorn (2008, p. 372) instead suggests "modularity and decomposability of structures" and "functional interdependence of processes" as units of characterization.
