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Such public-key cryptosystems usually depend on modular arithmetic operations including modular multiplication and exponentiation.
Modular multiplication and modular exponentiation are fundamental operations in most public-key cryptosystems such as RSA.
The performance of RSA depends strongly on the competent implementation of modular multiplication and modular exponentiation.
To speed up the modular multiplication and squaring, bit level systolic arrays are used with the Montgomery's modular multiplication algorithm to constitute the core of modular exponentiation operation.
Two of the well-known algorithms namely Montgomery modular multiplication and Karatsuba algorithms are exploited together within our high-speed pipelined hardware architecture.
In this paper, we analyze the Montgomery's algorithm and design a linear systolic array for performing both modular multiplication and modular squaring simultaneously.
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Reducing the frequency of modular multiplications and the time requirements for modular multiplication will help in developing efficient modular exponential algorithms.
Taking this advantage, we can further effectively decrease the amount of modular multiplications and we can therefore decrease the computational complexity of modular exponentiation.
Due to the high computational complexity of the asymmetric cryptography, such as modular multiplications and exponentiations which lead much heavier burden than operations in symmetric cryptography, the proposed protocol transfers the demanding computational requirements from the buyer to a powerful server in protocol design.
In our authentication approach, each user requires one symmetric encryption/decryption, one modular multiplication, one exclusive-or and two hash operations in the login and authentication process.
The hardware sub-system implements the modular multiplication, which is the basic and time-consuming operation, while the software sub-system implements the search routine for the adequate operands this multiplication within previously computed products.
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