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(There is also a direct parallel to the construction of the complex numbers as pairs of real numbers, known to Dedekind from William Rowan Hamilton's work, and more indirectly, to the use of residue classes in developing modular arithmetic, including in Dedekind 1857. For the former see Ferreirós 1999, ch. 7, for the latter also Dugac 1976).
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Such public-key cryptosystems usually depend on modular arithmetic operations including modular multiplication and exponentiation.
Arithmetic includes the fundamentals of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
There are many ways to solve this, including using Fermat's Little Theorem, modular arithmetic, and factorising the polynomial p32 – q32.
If not, a sequence of tests using a type of mathematics called modular arithmetic is carried out.
We apply these matrices to a problem in modular arithmetic.
To recover the plaintext we use secret keys and some modular arithmetic.
This method is analogous to ASC except for using modular arithmetic.
Second, we summarize different approaches and algorithms used in the literature for implementing modular arithmetic operations.
A new improved design of an all-optical processor that performs modular arithmetic is presented.
We present a logical design of an all-optical processor that performs modular arithmetic.
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