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Many preparation methods require complex and expensive fabrication techniques that cannot be used to directly modify substrates.
The deposition of functional plasma polymer coatings seems to be an attractive approach to modify substrates for biomedical applications.
Conversely, ORC-binding could alter the specificity of Hat1p to modify substrates different from free histone H4.
In Drosophila, Survivin facilitates the localization of Polo kinase and Rho at the equatorial cortex in spermatocytes, and these kinases may modify substrates like CHO1/MKLP that is responsible for assembly of the midbody microtubule complex.
By regulating the neddylation status of cullin proteins, the CSN controls the activity of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, some of which modify substrates in response to DNA damage (Petroski and Deshaies, 2005).
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Earthworm modify substrate conditions, which consequently affects carbon losses from substrates through microbial respiration in the form of CO2 and even through mineralization of OC.
Changes to flask volume and cell line were observed to modify substrate carbon consumption within the cell culture, whilst having no significant impact on overall cellular yield.
Also, structure-based protein design has been successfully used to increase thermal resistance and modify substrate specificity of glucosidases (Lee et al. 2012).
SUMO-loaded Ubc9 can modify substrate proteins directly, resulting in the covalent attachment of SUMO to the acceptor lysine.
In contrast, dystonia-parkinsonism mutations do not appear to directly impair catalytic function, but may modify substrate preferences or regulatory mechanisms for PLA2G6.
Polyubiquitin chains based on K63 are not as efficiently recognized by the proteasome, and rather modify substrate proteins for interactions with other proteins that participate in signaling and other nonproteolytic processes [2], [3].
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