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In addition, the hemolytic levels and cytotoxic effects on cultured fibroblast cells were also measured to investigate possible relationships between the cellular irritation potentials of terpenes and the ability to modify membrane fluidity.
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MDA may modify membrane permeability and fluidity by interrupting ionic transport and enzymatic activity in the cell [ 6, 7, 30].
It has been shown to perturb the bilayer structure and modify membrane properties such as membrane fluidity, permeability to different substances, and bilayer thickness.
Membrane patches rich in ergosterol and other lipids alter membrane fluidity and are important for correct membrane function [ 52].
Disrupted PtdCho synthesis may also alter membrane fluidity and integrity, which can damage hepatocytes.
Similarly, a pervious study revealed that the antiadhesion effect of allyl sulfides involved in their sulfide group interacts with membrane lipids to modify the membrane fluidity or protein.
They can also modify plasma membrane fluidity [ 20] as well as disrupt cellular ionic homeostasis, leading to a reduction of metabolic activity and eventually cell death.
These include heat shock proteins and chaperons, proteins involved in the repair of stress-induced damages to membranes, in modifying membrane lipid composition, in regulating membrane fluidity and permeability to toxic ions, dehydrins (RD29B, RAB18, LTi30), and lipid transfer proteins (LTP2, LTP3, LTP4) [ 26, 27].
The collected results evidenced that 2OHOA substantially increases fluidity of lipid monolayers and modifies membrane organization, however, its influence depends on drug concentration and membrane properties.
In particular, in order to evaluate whether CIC and its substrate citrate promote capacitation, authors considered two representative parameters of capacitation: cholesterol efflux from the plasma membrane, which modifies sperm plasma membrane fluidity [ 79– 81] and protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
The immunomodulatory effects of EPA and DHA, in contrast to the ω-6 PUFAs, have been largely recognized for the ability of ω-3 PUFAs to modify leukocyte activity, decrease cell membrane fluidity, alter the production of bioactive mediators and cell signaling, and modulate systemic inflammation by inhibition of cytokine release [ 2, 68].
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