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Numerous other interventions which utilize implicit training techniques designed to modify attention and attentional biases to threat stimuli are currently being developed.
More generally, beyond their superficial descriptive properties, we know relatively little about how natural and social human ecologies regulate commerce how they modify attention, a sense of urgency, loyalties, and generate other cognitive effects relevant to efficient exchange.
We hope that the study of such states, which have the potential to modify attention and its respective electrophysiological correlates, would bring more information about the neurophysiology involved in cognitive activities with important attention demand.
The role of attention in worry has been investigated by allocating high worriers to either experimental training designed to reduce attention to worry-related information, or a control condition not intended to modify attention (Hayes, Hirsch, & Mathews, 2010; see also Krebs et al., 2010).
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With advancing sequence, a short-term proceduralization occurs and modifies attention from focused to automatic [74] [75], which facilitates (reduces) the maintenance of active processing of task-specific elements [41] and enhances non-specific diffuse activations.
Attention bias modification (ABM) procedures have been shown to modify biased attention with important implications for emotional vulnerability and resilience.
Of the 16 studies that succeeded in modifying both attention and emotional vulnerability four were conducted with clinical samples (six sub-clinical), while for those that did not succeed in modifying attentional bias, seven were conducted with clinical samples (one sub-clinical).
Several of these have targeted social anxiety disorder [ 17- 20], with another unsuccessfully attempting to modify biased attention in sufferers of posttraumatic stress disorder [ 21].
Indeed, the very fact that the studies which have failed to modify selective attention have also failed to modify emotional vulnerability provides reassurance that the theoretical basis for ABM is sound.
While these findings obviously raise questions about the specific conditions under which ABM procedures will produce therapeutic benefits, we suggest that the failure of some studies to modify selective attention does not challenge the theoretical and empirical basis of ABM.
The failure of a number of studies to modify selective attention should certainly invite empirical scrutiny into the precise task conditions and modes of delivery that are most likely to be effective in producing a bias change.
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