Many obfuscation techniques and tools have been developed, with the aim of modifying a program, such that its functionalities are preserved, while its understandability is compromised for a human reader or the decompilation is made unsuccessful.
Payne used his iPhone and laptop to collect the sound, then modified a program in a waveform monitor to upload the sound waves and view them at a very low resolution so he could see the shape of just one or two seconds of sound.
The emphasis in most of the new systems is on letting users modify an existing program, either by superimposing text over the picture -- like a baseball player's statistics -- or by changing the image itself, letting the user decide, for instance, when to jump to an instant replay.
There are many kinds of open-source licenses, but they all require contributors who modify an open-source program to make those improvements available to all members of the project.
A federal judge in New Orleans ordered the state to modify a federally financed abstinence education program, finding that it had been used to finance religious activities.
At the Monday meeting I attended, Ravi Shankar, a senior executive in Chase's mortgage business, described a new program to modify a batch of particularly bad loans that Chase inherited from Washington Mutual.
"I love the fact that once I program and modify a single living cell, I can have millions of similar cells by just growing them up," says Perli, who is now at the bench almost every day.
The criticism continued last month, after Mr. Cuomo and legislative leaders in Albany agreed to a plan, supported by the state comptroller, Thomas P. DiNapoli, that modifies an existing program that permits public employers in the short term to contribute less into pension funds, though they would be required to put money into reserve funds once deferred payments are eventually made.
To predict hairpin precursors for potential miRNAs, we mapped sRNA tags to the strawberry genome, the most closely related species among genome sequenced plants, and identified mature miRNAs using modified miRDeep, a program that employs a probabilistic model of miRNA biogenesis [ 24, 29].
