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The main effect modification patterns identified by Katsouyanni et al. (2001) were replicated within APHENA, and several new modifiers were identified as well for example, the modifying effect of the percentage of unemployed on the association between PM air pollution and mortality.
Predisposing conditions and ALI risk modifiers were identified and collected.
Candidate modifiers were identified using previous literature and evaluated using logistic regression with statistical interaction terms to provide preliminary evidence of treatment effect modification.
The lines in the GMREP collection were tested for their ability to modify the eye phenotype of flies carrying one copy of the sev-stbm transgene; 86 modifiers were identified.
No other effect modifiers were identified.
Several potential effect modifiers were identified for ICU-patients.
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Importantly, studies highlighting cases in which disease-causing mutations fail to result in disease (12) and rare individuals carrying disease modifiers are identified in extended families segregating disease (13) raises the question: Could more general worldwide searches across all childhood diseases be undertaken to find evidence for resilience factors, be they genetic or environmental?
The strongest modifier was identified in the proinsulin gene (INS) region on chromosome 11 (termed IDDM2) (Davies et al. 1994) and fine-mapping of IDDM2 suggested that INS is the most likely IDDM2 target (Barratt et al. 2004).
The EY stocks are in a y w 67c2 background, and GMR-GAL4/ y w 67c23; gl-tau/+ has a suppressed phenotype versus GMR-GAL4/+; gl-tau/+ (not shown); thus, a candidate modifier was identified as a suppressor if it suppressed when compared with the GMR-GAL4/ y w 67c23; gl-tau/+ control.
In this study, 124 histone modifiers (HMs) were identified in tomato.
Two rare missense variants, both with a possible modifier effect, were identified in 2 of 91 index cases (2.2%).
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modifiers were determined
modifiers were excluded
modifiers were obtained
modifiers were studied
modifiers were applied
modifiers were used
modifiers were prepared
modifiers were evaluated
modifiers were crossed
modifiers were repeated
modifiers were deleted
modifiers were investigated
modifiers were tested
modifiers were processed
modifiers were selected
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