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All subgroups tested were identified a priori, based on prior studies and hypotheses, and the confirmation of modifiers of effects underscores the plausible notion that there exist groups who are more susceptible to oxidative and inflammatory air pollutants.
No association between BC and low cognition was found among carriers of Cluster 2 and 3. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate and identify mitochondrial haplogroups and their clusters as modifiers of effects of environmental exposures on cognitive aging.
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Age, sex, and occupation might be important effect modifiers of the effects.
We also found that age, sex, and occupation might be important effect modifiers of the effects of weather variables on HFMD.
We found that riboflavin; pyridoxine; vitamins A, C, and E; and folic acid were significant strong modifiers of the effects of ingested arsenic.
The subgroup analyses for live birth per woman found no modifiers of the effects of clomifene citrate or unstimulated intrauterine insemination compared with expectant management (table 3).
We previously examined genetic polymorphisms in two specific pathways as modifiers of the effects of air pollution within the NAS: oxidative stress and metal processing.
The value of currently used bioassays for the evaluation of the role of trace metal compounds, either as major biologically active components or as modifiers of biological effects of organic compounds is assessed.
For example, screens in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster expressing an introduced fragment from human huntingtin consisting largely of polyglutamine have yielded a number of modifiers of the effects of this fragment [ 47- 50].
Any biopsychosocial factor, any somatic risk factor, the social network, the burden of diseases, the health care consumption, and the patient's coping strategies may function as modifiers (of the effects of multimorbidity).
The two proposed mechanisms of heritability are not mutually exclusive however, and there are many possibilities: Mitchell and Porteous [ 8] suggest, for example, that common low-penetrance variants may be important modifiers of the effects of rare high-penetrance ones.
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