All subgroups tested were identified a priori, based on prior studies and hypotheses, and the confirmation of modifiers of effects underscores the plausible notion that there exist groups who are more susceptible to oxidative and inflammatory air pollutants.
No association between BC and low cognition was found among carriers of Cluster 2 and 3. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate and identify mitochondrial haplogroups and their clusters as modifiers of effects of environmental exposures on cognitive aging.
Age, sex, and occupation might be important effect modifiers of the effects.
We also found that age, sex, and occupation might be important effect modifiers of the effects of weather variables on HFMD.
These factors largely precluded any assessment of social differentiation in effects relevant to health equity (with the exception of gender - see Effects of interventions, 'Potential modifiers of the effect of larger size on consumption') (see also Objectives).
The statistical analysis will be performed through multivariate regression procedures (using the 'Enter' method) to control the effect of potential confounders and modifiers of the effect.
At the individual level, age and place of death were found to be significant modifiers of cold effect, while age, sex, place of death, cause of death and education level were effect modifiers of heat effect.
Modifiers of large effect can become fixed, and also invade, in a wider parameter range than modifiers of small effect.
Investigation of potential modifiers of the effect of shape on consumption was not possible as only one study (comprising one comparison) investigated this effect (Wansink 2005d).
Protein null mutations vigEP812 and vig2PL470 act as modifiers of Position Effect Variegation (PEV).
Twin gestation and smoking were important modifiers of the effect of hypertension on SGA and stillbirth.
