The following characteristics of the population, intervention, and methodological quality of the trials were defined a priori as potential effect modifiers: sex, dose of aspirin, duration of treatment, allocation concealment, and compliance with treatment.
Despite this, CLCR remains a common modifier of drug dosing in clinical practice, with recent data suggesting important pharmacokinetic [ 11, 12], and clinical [ 21] implications.
Epidemiologic studies have proved informative on the quantitative risks of radiation-caused cancer but we now face the challenges of more precisely characterizing risks at lower levels of exposure and also of assessing modifiers of the risks, including dose rate, genetic susceptibility, and other environmental exposures.
There are also many potential modifiers of aspirin response including aspirin dose, non-compliance, disease severity, genetic factors, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, smoking and interacting drugs.
Biological modifiers of radioresponse could be employed to biologically dose-escalate the tumour (e.g., androgen deprivation therapy, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors to suppress DNA repair, chemotherapy or synthetic miR/antagomirs).
High doses of methylprednisolone or dexamethasone are important biologic modifiers of perioperative inflammatory responses in cardiac surgical patients, and reduce perioperative organ dysfunction[ 11].
Previous literature indicates that these substances are potent modifiers of BW and growth, although the direction of effect varies due to the developmental windows, dosing protocols, and models.
15 genetic modifiers of the rough eye phenotype were isolated.
Some modifiers of CUG toxicity control cell number.
We evaluated possible effect modifiers of the dose response (facility of monitoring, sex, attained age, age at first monitoring and time since first monitoring) using tests of heterogeneity, for categorical variables, and tests of linear trend, for continuous variables.
