Other potential modifiers of lung disease in ATD include NOS3, GSTP1, TNF and IL10.
Collectively, we have identified a single polymorphic locus that affects skin and lung tumorigenesis and identify Igfbp5 and Igfbp2 as candidate modifier genes of lung tumorigenesis.
[20] We chose to evaluate the ABH genes as candidates for modifiers of CF lung disease severity because the role postulated for these polymorphic genes coding for the ABH antigens is thought to be related to host-pathogen interactions; specifically, many pathogens utilize surface glycoproteins in host invasion.
In the second analysis, we stratified case and control subjects on smoking status to determine whether smoking was an effect modifier of the metformin-lung cancer association.
Silicosis is debated as possible effect modifier of the silica-induced lung cancer risk (Hnizdo et al, 1997; Ulm et al, 1999; Soutar et al, 2000; Pelucchi et al, 2006; Taeger et al, 2008; Brown, 2009; Erren et al, 2011) and the carcinogenic role of silica in the absence of silicosis is still debated.
We now know that one environmental modifier, cigarette smoking, markedly increases the severity of lung disease and that other genetic and environmental modifiers are also involved.
10 Gu et al 72 identified the interferon-related developmental regulator 1 (IFRD1) gene as a modifier of the severity of CF lung disease.
We also conducted a subgroup analysis, where we assessed whether smoking status, which is the leading risk factor for lung cancer, was an effect modifier of the association between the use of CGs and lung cancer.
Baseline interest in lung cancer genetic risk information was a significant modifier of the effect of genetic risk estimate on ΔPR of lung cancer (p = 0.0108).
