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These materials have been modified with bioactive peptides in order to create materials that mimic some of the properties of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM).
In order to make biodegradable magnesium alloys corrosion resistant for a potential orthopaedic and bio-implant application, their surface should be modified with bioactive bone-like hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings.
The polyphenolic compounds (PPh) extracted from fruits and leaves of sweet cherry were introduced into poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based films modified with bioactive glass (BG) particles synthesized with the use of sol-gel and melt-quenching methods.
The matrix was reinforced with carbon fibers (CF), alginate fibers (Alg) and magnesium alloy wires (Mg), as well as modified with bioactive particles of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in various systems.
Although nanofibrous scaffolds have many benefits, they are sometimes modified with bioactive molecules using plasma treatment, etching, or γ-ray irradiation to improve the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [ 16– 16].
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More researches were focused on biological effects of fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified with various bioactive groups on multiple type cells [17 38]; they revealed that carbon nanoparticles could be internalized in cells and react with subcellular organelles, such as endosome, mitochondria, lysosome, and nucleus [24 28, 30].
Surfaces of electrospun nanofibers were also chemically modified with immobilizing cell specific bioactive ligands to enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation by mimicking morphology and biological functions of extracellular matrix.
In this contribution, three different low-alkaline bioactive glasses, modified with Na2O and/or K2O for a total alkaline content of 4.6 mol%, were enamelled on Ti6Al4V substrates for potential orthopaedic applications.
Ti modified with the hybrid coating afforded a bioactive surface with high surface free energy and wettability, which constituted optimized characteristics for biomedical applications.
For the culture of fibroblasts in vitro, hydrogels have been formed from naturally-derived native ECM components, such as collagen, fibrin, and hyaluronic acid, or synthetic materials functionalized with bioactive moieties, such as polyacrylamide modified with whole ECM proteins or poly ethylene glycol) (PEG) modified with protein mimetic peptides.
Streptomycetes synthesise several bioactive natural products that are modified with sugar residues derived from GDP-mannose.
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