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Specifically, we wished to record whether the chimpanzees modified their tools prior to using them, and this is what we found.
However, of the six that modified their tools, we found no significant difference across individuals in the relationship between their tool-modification and tool-use behaviors; all chimpanzees were equally likely to probe after modifying a tool.
Second, by collecting continuous data on their behavior, we also asked whether the chimpanzees first (intentionally) modified their tools prior to probing for food or whether such modifications occurred after tool use, possibly as a by-product of chewing and eating the food from the tools.
Of the six chimpanzees that modified their tools, four did so in Control sessions when no food was available, perhaps due to "carry over" effects from Bait sessions (i.e. because the chimpanzees experienced the mound baited the previous day, they were more likely to assume it would be baited again).
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This will give researchers the flexibility to modify their tools when necessary, while allowing them to continue to benefit from the high-quality products and expertise provided by commercial vendors.
Without observing the chimpanzees' behavior, it cannot be determined whether they modify their tools (intentionally) prior to use.
Similarly, while all seven chimpanzees in our study performed probing behaviors, we found great inter-individual differences in their proclivity to do so, and only six of the seven were recorded to modify their tools.
If tool modification was functional, we predicted that the chimpanzees should (1) modify their tools prior to probing with them, (2) begin using the tool within a short delay of creating it, and (3) show more tool modifying behaviors when the artificial mound was baited with food than when it contained no food rewards.
For each tool, the primary developers modified their respective tools and confirmed the simplicity and learnability of the BioC format.
Expanding upon a previous study, which had investigated the learning of tool-use behavior by chimpanzees [Lonsdorf et al., 2009], our data focused on the specific elements of their tool-modification behaviors and suggest that the chimpanzees only modified their probe tools when it was functionally relevant to do so (i.e. when the artificial termite mound was baited with food).
In the present paper, on the other hand, we present evidence which indicates the possibility that free-ranging adult long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) modify their action in tool-using so as to facilitate the learning of the action by their own infants.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com