Consider first how natural selection works to change lineages of animals, modifying, creating and destroying species.
If the "Modified Lineage" box in the setting-parameter page is checked, a default Lineage Modification file is used to report the convergence of taxa.
Initially, AE expression modified the lineage potential of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), resulting in the selective expansion of the myeloid compartment at the expense of normal erythro- and lymphopoiesis.
Although some similarity of Drosophila spermatogenesis to mammals is already known [ 33], our data suggest that molecular mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis have possibly been more modified in the lineage of the Ecdysozoa, including Drosophila, than in the Lophotrochozoa.
On the basis of these developmental data, we can hypothesise that, during the early stages of cortical development (when the VZ is very actively proliferating and gives rise to the post-mitotic neurons that migrate to form the deep layers and the precursor cells for the SVZ), one hit is sufficient to modify the future lineage of some but not all progenitor cells in patients with Type II FCD.
Our results thus lead to the concept that the main function of aberrant AE expression is to modify the lineage potential of HSC resulting in the selective expansion of the myeloid compartment.
However, the components of the BMP pathway have been repeatedly modified through lineage specific gene duplications and gene losses [ 3, 4].
In fact, neither upregulation nor loss-of-function of B52 modified the identity of the cells in this lineage in our experiments.
In contrast, the domain architectures of these motors have been much more extensively modified during diversification of lineages, such that only 3 can be unambiguously traced back to the LCEA.
Mouse ESCs injected into 8-cell stage embryos modified the pattern of cell lineage specification (Humiecka et al., 2016), which supports this view.
However, any one lineage of charophytes might be expected to have lost or modified some of these in the 500 million years or more of independent evolutionary history that separates each lineage from embryophytes.
