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For biotechnological purposes, modified inteins have been designed.
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The modified inteins with the 4 different selection marker cassettes also showed highly efficient splicing.
When expressed in E. coli, all of the modified inteins spliced at high efficiency.
To determine whether the modified inteins would function in yeast we constructed a new panel of yeast CEN4/URA3 plasmids that contained the marked inteins expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter.
In pilot experiments all four modified inteins showed high splicing efficiency, both in E. coli and yeast, and in yeast the proteins within the excised inteins were active and enabled growth under conditions of selection.
In agreement with the results in E. coli, all of the modified inteins when expressed in yeast displayed high efficiency splicing.
Based on the limits of detection in the anti-GFP Westerns, we estimate that the efficiency of splicing is greater than 96% for the modified inteins.
Controllable cleavage of modified cis-splicing inteins has been adapted for a wide range of useful applications in molecular biology and biotechnology (see below).
These results indicate that a modified intein expression system can be used to produce pharmaceutical peptides in transgenic plants.
Split inteins have separate pieces (N-intein and C-intein) that reassemble non-covalently to catalyze a protein trans-splicing reaction joining two polypeptides.
However, natural and engineered inteins have failed previously to function when being flanked by proline residue at the −1 or +2 positions, which limits general uses of inteins.
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