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No modified individuals were found among the 8 male individuals that were obtained (IR = 0%), whereas 8 modified individuals were obtained among 12 female individuals (IR = 67%).
No modified individuals were obtained without the cold-shock treatment (n > 100).
Notably, most modified individuals were normal with the exception of the colour pattern.
In both sexes, but especially in females, the majority of the modified individuals were of the outward type.
In the Fukaura case, the color-pattern changes had been fixed genetically, because the modified individuals were observed in summer without cold shock.
We looked for the temperature records of Fukaura from August 25 to September 7, 2003, since many modified individuals were found following this period.
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We analyze a model of the mosquito population dynamics when genetically modified individuals are introduced into a wild type population so that the effect of their introduction can be assessed.
This implies that at every generation of the upper level EA, (N = 20) genetically modified individuals are created.
The modified individuals are added to P′ if their BICs are smaller than the median BIC for all individuals in P′.
In 2003 and 2004, the percentage of modified individuals was estimated to be similar to the amount seen in 2002, many of which exhibited small degree of modifications.
It is important to note that these modified individuals are, as far as we can tell, anatomically and behaviorally normal (except for the wing color-patterns), and the color-pattern modifications are thus essentially different from nonfunctional deformation or teratology caused by, for example, environmental pollutants.
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