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The signature of divergent selective constraint across the phylogeny was tested for using the Clade model C (CmC) approach of Bielawski and Yang [ 20] as modified by Yang, Wong, and Nielsen [ 66].
Using a multiple sequence alignment from a study by Karol et al. (2001), which was slightly modified by Yang and Rannala (2005), the phylogeny of the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rRNA) from the nuclear genome of eight land plants and six charales (see Fig. 3) has been reconstructed.
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Temperatures are often modified by sea winds.
Basically we were genetically modified by aliens.
(modified) by James W. Heisig.
Image: Shutterstock/Nikita Chisnikov (modified by Bryce Durbin).
[Image Credit: Getty/ZoneCreative, modified by TechCrunch].
In addition, expression of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF- α, known to be expressed by NB cell lines (Nitta et al, 1994; Yang et al, 1994), and of two anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF- β1, known to inhibit antitumour responses (Hsieh et al, 2000) was not modified by IFN- γ gene transfection (data not shown).
Poloxamer in situ forming gels were prepared by the modified cold method (Yang et al. 2009).
Thickness maps where TOC > 2% (modified from Yang et al. 2013).
The characterization of anisotropy is incorporated into higher-order laminated plate theories based on the modified couple stress theory by Yang et al. in 2002.
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