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Moreover, this association seems to be modified by parity and positive previous breastfeeding experience [ 48].
The association may be modified by parity and oral contraceptive use, which warrants further investigation.
In contrast, the association we observed in the present study between CO and preeclampsia exposure was not modified by parity.
Unlike a pooled analysis that found no effect modification by reproductive and hormonal factors (Genkinger et al, 2006), we found that the association between total fat intake and ovarian cancer risk was modified by parity.
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It could therefore be questioned if high parity independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease or if this association may be confounded, mediated, or modified by other parity-related factors.
We examined whether the associations between trans fat and preeclampsia were modified by participant characteristics (age, parity and BMI) or calendar year by introducing cross-product terms between trans fat intake and the variable of interest.
[ 47] Autonomy and status effects are likely to be modified by age, marital status, wealth and parity.
However, it is unknown whether effects of parity can be modified by other risk factors for breast cancer.
Therefore, we calculated the attributable proportion due to interaction (API) with 95% CIs to evaluate whether effects of parity could be modified by menstrual or anthropometric factors (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 1992; Andersson et al, 2005).
The association with alcohol consumption was not modified by oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, parity, menopausal status, folate intake, body mass index, or smoking.
The association of total fat intake with ovarian cancer may be modified by hormone and reproductive factors such as parity and oral contraceptive use.
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