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Mammographic density is a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer, and can be modified by hormonal exposures.
The association between total alcohol intake and ovarian cancer risk was not modified by hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors (Table 4).
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Future studies should confirm this observed effect modification by sex and further examine whether the effect modification by sex observed in this study is modified by the changes in the hormonal environment through puberty.
For example, the difference in mammary epithelial density exhibited by E2 treated ACI and BN rat may be analogous to variation in breast mammographic density in humans, which is known to be modified by estrogens as well as other hormonal, genetic and environmental factors and has been strongly associated with breast cancer risk.
Although there is much evidence to support this model, the current model of how the changes in root phenotype in response to low P availability are modified by the integrated output of these hormonal cross-talks is far from being complete due to the complexity of the synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects of phytohormones on signalling pathways.
Menarche is also associated with several hormonal changes which, when modified by smoking, might exert a different effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
While hormones, growth factors and cytokines certainly manage stem cell maintenance and differentiation, our evidence also reveals that the responses to hormonal stimuli are strongly modified by adhesive cues.
(3) Is the hormonal action specific to or modified by sex? (4) Does the sex difference result from permanent differentiating effects of gonadal hormones?
Still, genetic predisposition may be modified by the rapid change in life style and hormonal factors in this population.
The proposed model was validated and variously modified by other researchers, who incorporated genetic risks but not hormonal factors.
EEG patterns have shown to be modified by a wide range of variables including biochemical, metabolic, circulatory, hormonal, neuroelectric, and behavioral factors in [3].
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