Sentence examples for modified by citrullination from inspiring English sources

Antibodies to autoantigens modified by citrullination through deimination of arginine to citrulline are present in about two-thirds of all RA patients, but are rare (<2%) in healthy individuals and are relatively rare in other inflammatory conditions [ 81, 82].

Antibodies against epitopes modified by citrullination show the highest specificity for RA and can be detected very early in the disease course [ 2- 4].

As described later, self-proteins modified by citrullination in the periphery are important autoantigens presented by DC in RA, and in the murine collagen-induced arthritis model.

Recently, we identified a novel antigenic isoform of vimentin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which was modified by citrullination and mutation (MCV) [ 3].

Together, studies in humans suggest that PB T cells in HLA-DR SE+ individuals may be predisposed to autoreactivity towards self-antigens, including those modified by citrullination, potentially exposed during stress or proinflammatory settings, including joint trauma or smoking [ 3, 48].

Klareskog and colleagues in Sweden have found that cigarette smoking may trigger HLA-DR restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination, potentially explaining the interaction between HLA shared epitope and cigarette smoking that greatly increases the risk of anti-CCP-positive RA (L Klareskog, personal communication).

In apoptotic cells many autoantigenic proteins or complexes can be modified by processes such as (de phosphorylation, citrullination, nucleolytic cleavage or proteolytic cleavage by caspases (reviewed in [ 3]).

The quality of the endogenous priming of the immune system is also likely to be different because neo-epitopes on CII in cartilage are formed by a changed glycosylation pattern [ 33, 34] but also by processes modified by the inflammatory process itself, such as citrullination and oxidation [ 3, 35, 36].

Peptides modified by a variety of post-translational modifications, including citrullination, transglutamination and oxidation, are implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease [ 23, 24].

Temperatures are often modified by sea winds.

(modified) by James W. Heisig.