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The TAR cloning procedure was essentially performed according to Kouprina and Larionov [29] with the following modifications: Yeast cells were incubated with zymolyase solution (10 µg/ml) for 30 min at 30°C, for each transformation reaction 450 µl of yeast spheroplast solution was used, 4.5ml PEG 8000 solution was used and spheroplasts were resuspended in 1ml SOS solution.
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It is shown that genetic and chemical modifications of methylotrophic yeast cells provide directed changes in their physiological responses towards methanol, ethanol and formaldehyde resulting in enhanced selectivity and shorter time response of the corresponding potentiometric and amperometric biosensors.
One of these hybrid strains was subjected to continuous crossbreeding, yielding the multi-hybrid strain, which inherited the genetic characteristics of Kyokai No. 6, No. 7 and No. 9. Notably, because all of the genetic modifications of the yeast cells were introduced using plasmids, these traits can be easily removed.
Electron microscopy and magnetometer studies indicated an effective modification of yeast cell surfaces by the nanocomposites.
We found not only modifications at many sites that are conserved in mammalian and yeast cells, but also modifications at many sites that are unique to plants.
It is thus tempting to speculate that the initially reversible thiol modifications that we observe in chronologically aging yeast cells might in fact represent a 'pro-active' response of yeast cells to protect their proteins against irreversible protein modifications and damage, and thereby extend lifespan.
Herein we show that the phenomenon of RNA-mediated DNA modification and repair is not limited to yeast cells.
To detoxify against the citrinin, the yeast cells mainly used glutathione modification and pumped out the toxin using transporters.
Differences between yeast Rfa2 and human RPA2 might simply be caused by cellular complexity (e.g., human RPA interacts with proteins not found in yeast cells and might require additional modification to regulate these interactions).
Gene expression analyses of Paracoccidioides Pb18 from infected mice were performed by isolating yeast cells from spleens as previously described with minor modifications [ 49].
The flow cytometry profiles of yeast cells were performed as described (Haase and Reed, 2002) with some modifications.
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