An alternative has been the use of recombinant probes typically comprised of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) appended with a destabilising modification which promotes their constitutive degradation by the UPS [19], [20].
Another example is AXR1 (auxin resistant 1), a key enzyme in the related to ubiquitin (RUB) pathway of protein modification, which promotes the cytokinin response by suppressing the accumulation of the RRA member ARR5 [ 28].
However, a study using deletion and point-mutation α-dystroglycan constructs indicated that functional modification, which promotes laminin clustering on the cell surface, requires a specific pair of Thr residues (317-TPT-319) located at the very N-terminus of the α-dystroglycan mucin-like domain, and that these residues are highly conserved (Hara, Kanagawa, et al. 2011).
Surface modifications of titanium which promote osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and synthesis of collagen by osteoblasts are desirable.
These modifications are the major factors which promote protein aggregation and may contribute to progression of lens opacification.
They may also exacerbate lesion formation independently by producing molecules such as lipoprotein lipase [64], sphingomyelinase [65] or proteoglycans [66], which promote lipoprotein retention and modification [67].
Chronic hyperglycemia increases the formation of advanced glycation end products, which promote oxidative stress, cross-linking of amyloid fibrils, modification of cytoskeletal tau proteins, and inflammation (36).
It is suggested that the enhancement of toluene conversion by modification with Cs2O is due to the generation of strong basic sites which promote the activation of toluene by an abstraction of a proton from methyl group.
Further, a good instantaneous control and reduced environment pollution are some of the key benefits which promote microwave treatment as a better tool for surface modification [ 18].
The excellent electrochemical performances can be attributed to electronic structure modification of graphene, which promoting intrinsic electron transfer between the host substrate and electroactive materials.
