In some cases, such as at H3K27 and H3K9, acetylation or methylation can occur at the same histone residue and it is the balance between these opposing modifications that determines the transcriptional status of that region (Rice and Allis, 2001; Tie et al, 2009; Jung et al, 2010; Pasini et al, 2010b).
On the other hand, measuring expression of the inflammatory mediator genes may not reflect the functional activity of the end-protein, because this also depends on translation and various posttranslational modifications that determine whether the protein becomes active.
To this purpose, proteomics studies are a powerful tool to better understand where to set the boundary line of healthy aging and age-related disease by analyzing the variation of protein expression levels and the major post translational modifications that determine "protein" physio/pathological fate.
They also demonstrate how opposing hormonal and intracellular signals can be integrated via histone modifications that determine chromatin structure and transcriptional activity of the promoter.
Alternatively, establishment of good biomarkers for detection of weak checkpoint signaling, such as antibodies to post-translational modifications that determine strong vs weak signaling, may facilitate this.
Surface and cytoplasmic nucleolin are differentiated from nuclear nucleolin by a slight shift in their isoelectric point, probably as a consequence of specific co- and/or post-translational modifications that determine routing of the newly synthesized nucleolin to the nucleus or the plasma membrane [6].
When HMGB1 emerges from the cell during apoptosis, necrosis, or pyroptosis, it can have redox and other post-translational modifications that determine its activity.
Most of the Che-1 functions are regulated by posttranslational modifications that determine the interaction specificity and protein stability in response to DNA damage.
Because the downstream transcriptional program of FOXO3 is largely controlled by posttranslational modifications that determine whether it is retained within, or excluded from, the nucleus (Hedrick, 2009), we first examined how the intracellular localization of FOXO3 changed as monocytes were stimulated.
However, the 3- O-sulfo groups are essential modifications that determine the activity of HS/heparin in a number of biological and pharmacological processes, including the anticoagulant activation of antithrombin by heparin and HS mediated herpes simplex virus (HSV) attachment to host-cell and viral entry.
It is known that L is an essential modification that determines both the codon and amino-acid specificities of tRNAIle (Muramatsu et al, 1988; Soma et al, 2003).
