Others will qualify for loan modifications that allow them to hang on.
In Bacillus subtilis, most are polyglycerol phosphate or polyribitol phosphate and, in the case of lipoteichoic acids, have lipid modifications that allow association with the cytoplasmic membrane.
Eight examples are then presented of engineering modifications that allowed the Shuttle to adapt and accommodate these requirement changes.
Pills or genetic modifications that allow us to go days without sleep might sound far-fetched now, but Crary notes how many innovations by the military — microwaves, satellites, the Internet — have been widely adopted in civilian life.
Additionally, while learning curve studies often define volume thresholds for improvement, few of these studies demonstrate specific technical modifications that allow reproducibility of improved outcomes.
Common themes include research directed to improved performance (flux, rejection, selectivity, reduced fouling) and modifications that allow for success in more challenging feeds (pH extremes, high temperature, chlorine, solvents).
For now, however, Mayfield believes he can avoid this issue: The proteins he's expressing in algae are ones that are effective without glycosylation, and in the future he thinks it should be possible to do further genetic modifications that allow the plant cells to attach human-like sugars, something researchers have already done in yeast.
While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity.
Modifications that allow the system dynamics model to track individual disease states and contacts result in a model with O N2⌈ log2(N ⌉) terms in each person's state equation.
