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It has been shown recently that lipoproteins from HCV patients induced some modifications of lipid synthesis in human monocyte-derived macrophages [47].
Active proliferating cancer cells present not only quantitative changes in de novo lipid biosynthesis but also modifications of lipid membrane composition affecting membrane fluidity, signal transduction and gene expression [3], [4].
However, other studies did not report modifications of lipid levels with LRT [ 19, 29, 31].
In the article by Qureshi et al [ 10], phosphoethanolamine modifications of lipid A were present among all colistin-resistant A. baumannii isolates.
Interestingly, the modifications of lipid A that are associated with polymyxin resistance may negatively affect the virulence potential, a topic currently under debate [ 91, 92].
The ability to identify important yet subtle modifications of lipid A is imperative for correlating immune responses with lipid A structures.
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Modifications of lipids structure induced by increasing temperature (from 20 to 90 °C) have been studied using ATR-IR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared) spectroscopy, which is a powerful tool for characterization of the molecular structure and properties of tissues, such as skin.
We could expect that the alterations of compositional and physicochemical properties of HDLs in obese subjects, probably related to modifications of lipid-apoprotein interactions and/or to the increased level of oxidation, could contribute to the modifications of PON1 activity.
The significant decrease in the activity of the enzyme PON1 in plasma of obese PWS individuals compared with normal-weight controls could be related to the higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides (Aviram et al., 1998; Ferretti et al., 2005; Ferretti et al., 2010b) and/or to modifications of lipid-apoprotein interactions of HDL in obese individuals with PWS.
Perhaps, as it is conceivable that endocytosis is triggered by oxidative modifications of lipids or proteins that are brought to the cell surface during hypoxia.
For example, oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids can be evaluated by thiobarbituric acids-reactive substances (TBARS)[ 14, 15], advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanodine (8-OHdG)[ 16], respectively.
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