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Thus, at least in principle, TMS/hd-EEG may be employed at the patient's bedside to track over time pathological alterations, plastic changes and therapy-induced modifications in cortical circuits.
In principle, identifying a cut-off level above which one can decide whether a change in brain responsiveness occurred, or not, is crucial if one wants to use TMS/hd-EEG to track over time pathological alterations, plastic changes and therapy-induced modifications in cortical circuits.
This finding suggests that calculating the DI on repeated TMS/hd-EEG sessions may be effective in revealing rather fine modifications in cortical excitability (indexed by the response's amplitude) due to pathological alterations, i.e. stroke, epilepsy and depression [49] [52] or therapeutic interventions, i.e. electroconvulsive therapy, rTMS, neurorehabilitation or drug administration [51], [52].
High-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG) combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a direct and non-invasive measure of cortical excitability and connectivity in humans and may be employed to track over time pathological alterations, plastic changes and therapy-induced modifications in cortical circuits.
In addition to modifications in cortical fiber tracts, pronounced changes were observed in subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
Or the patient with manifest glaucoma could undergo repeated MRI scans in order to identify modifications in cortical thickness induced by disease progression.
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Nonpainful tactile stimulation like tickling of the bottom of the foot, did not evoke a change in cortical blood flow.
In major depression, although most studies did not show cortical modifications in mitochondrial related genes, some reports suggest alterations in the expression of nuclear as well as in mitochondrial DNA encoded genes in the prefrontal cortex [26], [37].
Alternatively, altering callose deposition in the overlaying tissue might affect the movement of signals that trigger cell-wall modifications in the endodermal and cortical tissue to allow the emergence of new lateral roots.
These results suggest increases in cortical complexity and subtle modifications of sulcal topography of frontal lobe regions, likely reflecting ongoing processes such as myelination and synaptic remodeling that continue into the second decade of life.
To investigate whether inhibition of cell death induced by iPTH is associated with bone matrix modifications, we quantified the prevalence of osteocytes death in cortical bone stained using the TUNEL assay.
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