Ubiquitylation is one of important cellular modifications and regulates varieties of biological functions, such as cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair (Hershko and Ciechanover 1998).
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) remove Ub modifications and regulate virtually all Ub-dependent processes (Komander et al., 2009; Reyes-Turcu et al., 2009).
Sumoylation is a ubiquitin-like modification and regulates protein localization and activity [ 63].
If a rapid correction of a hypoosmolar state then occurs, glial cells start to increase the production of organic osmolites and the intracellular ion content, in order to reverse the previous modification and regulate cellular volume [ 15].
Thus, major molecular functions of 14-3-3 14-3-3 14-3-3d be summarized as follows: stabilizing sproteinscouldrmations or modifications, regulating enzyme activity, and regulating subeellular localization.
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and circRNAs regulate the expression of miRNAs adding a layer of complexity to the regulation of gene expression.
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) direct and regulate chromatin-templated transactions, so understanding the nature and function of pre-deposition maternal histones is essential to deciphering mechanisms of regulation of development, chromatin assembly, and transcription.
Methylation and de-methylation of histone lysine residues play pivotal roles in mammalian early development; these modifications influence chromatin architecture and regulate gene transcription.
Collectively, these modifications comprise an epigenome and regulate multiple cellular processes that, if perturbed, associate with various diseases (reviewed in ).
These results further indicated that epigenetic modification and p53 regulated the WTH3 gene.
