The strategies, including codoping, hydrogenation, defect engineering, sensitization, formation of heterojunction, metal decoration, band-edge-states modification, and novel designs of cell structures (tandem cell), are systematically discussed.
Strategies for disease modification and novel therapeutic targets are also presented.
However, a recently reported examination of the universalness of "histone code" reveals significant differences of histone modification patterns among species, and meanwhile, several potentially species-specific histone modifications and several novel histone modifications have been observed [12].
Algorithms have been designed to specifically map histone modifications and identify novel sites of modification [ 18- 21].
We will focus on the use of MS in the discovery and mapping of histone modifications and how novel proteomic approaches are being utilized to identify and study chromatin-associated proteins and multi-subunit complexes.
Subsequently, global ribosome profiling and proteome studies revealed significant post-transcriptional regulation and a unique histone code involving at least 44 histone post-translational modifications and four novel histone variants [ 19– 22].
Moreover, current approaches to control their biodegradation rates to match the healing rates of the host tissues with various surface modification techniques and novel structural designs are summarized.
Application of nanotechnology, advanced surface modification protocols, and novel transducing schemes will help to overcome limitations of lectin microarrays.
These topics include the use of unnatural amino acids as bio-orthogonal chemical handles, biophysical probes, photochemical reactive agents, mimics for posttranslational modifications, and generators of novel function.
