Second, the WFs of the graphene with surface modifications and defects were calculated.
Additionally, the effects of graphene's modifications and defects on WF are still not very clear.
Such an "environmental message" may be carried to the next generation through epigenetic modifications in the form of incomplete or unstable methylation at certain regions of the genome, changes in the levels of DNMTs, histone modifications, and defects in the transmission of non-coding RNAs during the process of fertilization.
It is well known that the damage level expected for an irradiation process in nanometric materials is much higher than in the bulk due to a larger surface-to-volume ratio, which can induce surface modifications and defect cluster formation.
Different states of graphene were considered, such as surface modification, doping, and defects.
The WF of graphene in different states, such as surface modification, doping, and defects, are investigated in this study.
This may occur through various mechanisms, including an increase in proteasomal degradation, defects in post-translational modification, and downstream defects in p53 target genes.
Ion implantation technology can be utilized for enhancing the optical properties of corundum by selecting the implanted ion type leading to modification of the composition and defects.
This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration.
The list of the integration issues includes: the patterning effect, the extreme non-equilibrium kinetics of dopant and defects, the material modification due to the melting-regrowth phenomena (in the melting regime) and the residual damage problem.
Second, it is possible to improve quantum capacitance by electrode modification (e.g., dopant of heteroatoms and defects).
