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In addition to genetic modification to express exogenous IL-4, the therapeutic benefit of other DC modifications, including expression of galectin-1, treatment with NF-κB-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide, and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated blockade of costimulatory molecule expression has been demonstrated [15], [16], [17].
Although it is possible that the signalling pathways found to be active in our PROKR1-Ishikawa cell line may have been influenced by their malignant transformation or genetic modification to express PROKR1, previous studies in our lab have shown that responses from these cells are replicable in ex vivo explant studies (Evans et al., 2008, 2009; Maldonado-Pérez et al., 2009).
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Recently, we demonstrated the feasibility of genetic modification of hMSCs to express scFv EGFRvIII (hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII) on the cell surface in order to enhance their targeting to EGFRvIII expressing tumors [36].
However, that work was undertaken in a mouse line in which germline genetic modification was used to express the pigment in all ON-bipolar cells, confounding comparison with the effects of the more clinically relevant viral gene transfer employed here.
Such parameters can lead to bias in a patient's self-evaluation since cognitive decline invariably leads to modification in the ability to express one's own personality.
Genetic modification of tumor cells to express co-stimulatory molecules, including OX40 ligand [17] and B7-1 (CD80) [18], can trigger an immune response to develop antitumor immunity.
It requires the genetic modification of tumor cells to express the E. coli enzyme nitroreductase that bioactivates the prodrug CB1954 to a powerful cytotoxin.
However, in order to achieve long-term presentation by the indirect pathway, we favour further genetic modification of the DCs to express donor-type alloantigen.
New-generation melanoma vaccines, which are based on genetic modifications of tumor cells to express cytokines, generated long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immunity in animal models.
Conversely, histone states (acetylation and methylation modifications) can be used to express the level of DNA methylation, which is calculated in two ways at the start of each iteration.
It is amenable to genetic modification and can be utilised to express selected genes at levels in excess of those achievable when compared with a chromosomal insertion.
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