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To guide their decisions, stem cells make frequent use of ubiquitylation, a post-translational modification that can affect the activity, interaction landscape, or stability of stem cell proteins.
S-nitrosoproteins have been detected in many cell types including endothelial cells [14], and S-nitrosylation is now recognised as a major post-translational modification that can affect the functional activity of proteins [17].
Methylation is not the only epigenetic modification that can affect microRNAs expression: Scott et al (Scott et al, 2006) showed that in SKBR3 breast carcinoma cells, an extensive and rapid alteration of microRNA levels followed histone deacetylase inhibition.
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Whereas proteomics can be used in cloning of unique genes by means of differential analysis, the technique is also useful in studying post-translational modifications that can affect the activity and binding of a protein and alter its role within the cell.
Most importantly, the aptamers we selected here bound to the natural form of the E2 envelope glycoprotein expressed on the mammalian CT26 cells, with glycosylation modifications that can affect protein folding, structure, and function.
Similarly, the epigenetic modifications that can affect miR-19a could be searched in the 'Epigenetic Modification Affects miRNA Expression' section.
In addition, other histone modifications that can affect gene expressions may be ignored and need further studies.
Analysis of RNA expression alone cannot characterize all aspects of protein expression; for example, proteins may undergo post-translational modifications that can affect protein stability, activity, and subcellular localization.
Splice-isoforms of disordered proteins can contain different sequences, different numbers of linear motifs, or novel post-translational modification sites that can affect functions by changing binding properties, stabilities and/or subcellular localizations.
The vocabulary of "risk factors" used in public health and conventional epidemiology to consider points of intervention, creates a bias towards targeting more proximal behaviour modification options that can affect exposure to patterns of risk, rather than looking more critically at the processes contributing to vulnerability.
Rather, Kono points to epigenetics, chemical modifications of genes that can affect how they function.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com