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Therefore, even if the gene modification rate is 100%, some F0 frogs show partial albino phenotype.
For example, in a recent in silico study, it was shown that epigenetic modification of one allele at a biallelic locus can result in an 11%% of total genetic variance attributed to epigenetic variation at moderate allele frequency even if u, the epigenetic modification rate, is as low as 0.01 [ 21].
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Along this line, two recent studies using accessibility of engineered cysteines at the Kv7.1 S4 to MTS reagents showed that residues A226, R228, G229 and I230 were modified by MTSET only upon membrane depolarization and that their modification rate was markedly slowed down by KCNE1 [20], [20].
A 5% modification rate was observed in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) treated with TAT-TALEN as measured by the Surveyor assay.
Additionally, when the PEG modification rates are same, the bioactivity of PEGylated TNF-α decreased with an increase in the molecular size of the attached PEG.
Quantified locus modification rates are indicated below relevant lanes.
Quantified locus modification rates are indicated below each gel.
Thus, modification rates are obtained from the slope of a logarithmic graph, and each rate relies on multiple measurements.
Particularly high initial antibiotic treatment modification rates were observed in the UK (37.7%; n = 43/114) and in Belgium (35.6%; n = 68/191), while low initial antibiotic treatment modification rates were observed in France (15.6%; n = 57/366) and Greece (21.9%; n = 47/215).
Note that any terminal residue matching genomic sequence was considered as templated, so the modification rates are underestimated.
Modification rates are determined by plotting the extent of side chain modification, quantified by mass spectrometry, versus X-ray exposure time.
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