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The recently described detection of micro RNA (=miRNA, miR) introduced yet another complexity to the value of qRT-PCR namely post-transcriptional modification of translation in which mRNA level is stable with attenuation of protein synthesis.
Modification of translation initiation regions (TIRs) to reduce protein translation rates has also had some success at improving overall yield [12].
Changes in the cellular milieu can also affect translation by modulating abundance or modification of translation factors (e.g., phosphorylation of eIF2α), altering the abundance of different RNA binding proteins or microRNAs, perturbing protein folding and changing polyadenylation [ 29, 30].
More recently it has been shown that synaptic scaling, necessary for overall homeostatic regulation of a neuron's synapses requires RA to maintain this stability, surprisingly not through RARs regulation of transcription but rather though modification of translation (Aoto et al. 2008; Poon and Chen 2008).
We also searched for i) modification of translation starts that could arise because of an insertion of a methionine residue at GTG and TTG translation initiation codons, and ii) protein maturation consisting in the processing of the initiator Methionine, as described previously [ 23].
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Phospho-modifications of translation elongation factors affect vegetative growth.
As the major effect of aberrant U34 modification on translation speed is pausing at CAA and AAA, we asked whether the usage of these codons was disproportionally high in messages encoding aggregated proteins.
Indeed, previous work in T. cruzi suggested that the expression levels and post translational modifications of this translation factor controls the cell proliferation rates and protein synthesis [ 37].
In particular, ribosome alterations are associated with modification of initiation of translation by IRES element and strong defect in translation fidelity.
This last class suggests that modifications of the translation rate may be an in vivo response to ER stress.
The cognitive debriefing (step 8) for the HCA translation again required three rounds, each followed by modification of the forward translation until all items were understood correctly.
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