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Few studies have examined potential effect modification of the relation of OC use to breast cancer risk by age [ 9, 23, 57].
An inverse association persisted in all subgroups, and we found no apparent modification of the relation between nut consumption and pancreatic cancer risk by these factors.
We directly examined potential effect modification of the relation of temperature and mortality by testing interaction terms with day of year and month.
Tests for modification of the relation between xenoestrogens and percentage breast density by serum estradiol and BMI were conducted by including continuous cross-product interaction terms in the regression models.
These findings among men need to be interpreted cautiously as they were the result of a post hoc analysis with no a priori hypothesis for effect modification of the relation between cadmium and eGFR by lead levels.
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Interestingly, although the C282Y and H63D functional polymorphisms may differentially alter iron and divalent metal metabolism (Bomford 2002; Lyon and Frank 2001; Townsend and Drakesmith 2002), we observed these two polymorphisms to have comparable magnitudes of effect modification on the relation between lead and cognitive decline.
Some differences between geographic areas were noticed according to effect modification factors of the relation between PM10 and short-term mortality, including level of co-pollutants and climate (i.e., temperature and humidity).
We found no evidence of effect modification of this relation by gene variants related to oxidative stress defense, possibly due to insufficient power, and did not observe an association between PM2.5 and BP.
A modification of the orthogonality relation given in [38], Theorem 4.1, is the following.
It might imply a modification of the mean relation as a function of the luminosity, the FUV luminosity also acting as a parameter in the variation of dust attenuation.
We also evaluated effect modification of these relations by the two polymorphic genes.
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