Sentence examples for modification of sperm from inspiring English sources
CI is induced when infected males mate with uninfected females, and is likely the result of bacterial-induced modification of sperm grown in a Wolbachia-infected environment.
In infected males, the factors contribute to modification of sperm, and in infected females, they contribute to rescue in ova.
Specifically, we investigate host modifiers that either (a) decrease or increase modification of sperm or (b) decrease or increase transmission of Wolbachia through eggs.
We consider the following classes of host modifiers: (a) enhancement or reduction of Wolbachia modification of sperm, (b) enhancement or reduction of Wolbachia transmission to eggs, and (c) "mimicry" of egg rescue or sperm modification.
We also examined the fate of a repressive mutation that is equally active in females and in males (with d = e) so that transmission rates and Wolbachia's modification of sperm are reduced simultaneously.
We find that mutations that decrease Wolbachia modification of sperm can often spread and go to fixation in single populations, thereby altering stable infection frequency equilibria or driving Wolbachia to extinction, even when elevated survival costs of the mutation are incurred.
Such differential effects on motility were not clearly accompanied by biologically related modifications of sperm membrane or chromatin structure.
Such modifications of sperm duct glycoproteins were reported in mammals [ 30].
(4) Which environmental agents can be responsible for epigenetic modifications of sperm DNA?
Collectively, these studies support the conclusion that SA-ZD could be feasibly caused by modification of the sperm chromatin that is transmitted to the zygote and induces sex-specific embryo mortality, both within and outside the context of SD.
Here, we analyze experimentally determined DNA methylation and histone modification of human sperms, and show that the correlation between DNA methylation and recombination in long-range windows does not hold with respect to the spatial and temporal variation of recombination at hotspots.
