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The modification of side chain length and head group of the PDA vesicles strongly affects the colorimetric response to temperature, ethanol and pH.
Covalent methods may result in modification of side chains essential for activity [26, 27].
But, kraft lignin (KL) which is present in pulp paper wastewater differs from model lignin (ML) as it undergoes a variety of reactions including aryl alkyl cleavages, strong modification of side chains, and various ill-defined condensation reactions causing the polymer to fragment into smaller water/alkali-soluble fragments (Chakar and Ragauskas 2004).
Several forms of heme exist depending upon the modification of side chains.
The generation of carbonyl groups in proteins, produced by the modification of side chains of some amino acids, is a suitable marker to monitor oxidation of the intracellular environment [17], [18].
The lower toxicity might result by diminished uptake into human cells due to modification of side chains.
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Since the modification of side-chain residues may diminish the activity of a therapeutic protein, we studied two different biotinylation strategies that target chemical modifications at different amino acid residues, i.e., at lysine groups (biotin-NHS) or methionine residues (biotin-ULS).
The various forms differ in minor modifications of side groups attached to the pyrrole groups.
For the design of 3, previously identified beneficial modifications of side chains of Neu5Ac were combined with the replacement of the ring oxygen by a methylene group and the substitution of the C(4 -OH by an acetamide.
In addition, a good sulfation reproducibility of GY785 DR with the sulfur content varying from 9 wt% to 11.6 wt% and a systematic increase in the molecular weight (data not shown) demonstrate that the sulfation reaction performed in BMImCl allows the efficient polysaccharide modification devoid of side effects (e.g., depolymerization or degradation).
Post-polymerization modification of thiol side groups leads to polymers with designed properties.
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