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Chemical modification of nucleic acids can greatly increase their functional diversity but access to the full phenotypic potential of such polymers requires a system of replication.
Finally, the recent fascinating applications of Sonogashira coupling in the fields of genetic alphabet expansion, DNA-based light-harvesting materials design, double coding nucleosides strategy, and post-synthetic modification of nucleic acids, are discussed.
Tod Woolf (Technology Licensing Officer) will describe work of his biotech teams and other biotechs in the area of antisense, RNAi and therapeutic editing that reflect phases of these boom bust cycles, with an emphasis on how chemical modification of nucleic acid drugs contributed to the enablement of nucleic acid therapeutic platforms.
For example, DNAzymes catalyzing RNA cleavage [1 3], ligation [4, 5], or modification of nucleic acids [6, 7] have been reported.
This includes direct modification of nucleic acids (i.e. 5mC, 6mA, m6A, and pseudouridine), and post-translational modification of histones (e.g. methylation, and acetylation) [77, 78].
Methylation is a common covalent modification of nucleic acids and proteins.
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Chemical modifications of nucleic acids, often driven by the needs of antisense research, target in part the five-membered cycle or its analogues in order to tailor their conformation towards the desired needs [1, 2].
Samples were then incubated at 80°C for 15 minutes in order to partially reverse formaldehyde modification of the nucleic acids and to denature any residual protein.
Despite improvement in the stability of sense- and antisense-miRNAs by modification of the nucleic acid structure, therapeutic sense- and antisense-miRNAs require effective delivery systems in order to become useful agents.
This concept implies that a sustained exposure to reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS), mediates multiple downstream biological processes via covalent modification of proteins, nucleic acids and/or lipoproteins, which finally accounts for irreversible deterioration.
Different modifications of the nucleic bases or the backbone were introduced to improve their activity and biological stability.
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