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A modification of item construction was necessary in several cases.
A number of minor changes to the ORACLe interview were proposed following pilot testing, including the removal of redundant questions, modification of item wording, and inclusion of additional items to address other research resources (e.g. knowledge management systems).
For the present study, the original 17 items of the English version of the TSK (including the modification of item order by Vlaeyen et al., 1995 [ 5]) were translated by forward-backward translation, with consideration to face and content validity [ 32, 33].
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Recommendations for modification of items are made and the importance of establishing a process to check for DTF and DIF, especially when the test-takers are from different disciplines of study, is discussed.
In terms of future action however, even though overall the mean DIF for each major was negligible enough that DTF was not found, future administrations of this test could certainly benefit from some modification of items; particularly item 5 and possibly the additional 7 items that were highlighted by two of the tests employed in the analysis.
In this study, we used the children's suggestions for modification of items.
Their evaluation resulted in the deletion of 1 item (due to qualitative comments), the modification of 8 items (1 item with an agreement rate of 31.25%, 3 with a 25% and 4 items due to qualitative comments) and the addition of 1 item.
Subsequent item reduction of the 25-item prototype scale was based on statistical analyses and cognitive interviewing [ 36, 37] Cognitive interviewing with patients indicated wide variability in interpretation (and use) in relation to the telephone item that led to modification of that item (Table 2).
Fifth, the selection of items and modification of point allocation may have contributed some artifacts of multicollinearity.
Content validity testing and an in-depth translatability assessment resulted in wording modification of 37 items, deletion of 14 items and the addition of a domain with five items.
Modification of the item was also indicated to include doctor advice.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com